Although many residents fled, others stayed behind, enduring the restrictive civil and social policies of ISIS. In December , the military activity, known as the liberation campaign, began in east Mosul, concluding in west Mosul in June To assess life in Mosul under ISIS, and the consequences of the military campaign to retake Mosul we conducted a 40 cluster household survey in Mosul, starting in March All households included were present in Mosul throughout the entire time of ISIS control and military action.
In June , of school-age children This represented a decision of families. Injuries to women resulting from intimate partner violence were reported in In the surveyed households, marriages had occurred; Of these women, 89 With Mosul economically damaged by ISIS control and physically during the Iraqi military action, there was little employment at the time of the survey, and few persons were bringing cash into households.
The liberation of Mosul in caused extensive damage to dwellings. Overall only a quarter of dwellings had not sustained some damage. In west Mosul, only No houses had regular electricity and there was limited piped water. Inadequate fuel for cooking was reported by The physical, and social damage occurring during ISIS occupation of Mosul and during the subsequent military action liberation was substantial and its impact is unlikely to be erased soon.
While many people fled from Mosul, others entered from towns to the north of the city [ 1 , 2 ]. A caliphate was established with a repressive bureaucracy to manage city affairs and control the life of its citizens [ 4 , 5 ]. Many public employees, including teachers and health workers, continued working under ISIS, while other persons were hired to replace persons who fled. Pay for these positions steadily deteriorated, yet people were expected to show up for work [ 6 ].
Payment of government pensions continued throughout the time. ISIS looted the Mosul banks, crushed enterprises and forcefully collected money from business owners and farmers to finance military campaigns. Many businesses collapsed and unemployment was widespread. Factories were dismantled and machinery sold in neighboring countries [ 2 ]. ISIS derived additional income sources from the sale of antiquities, increases in taxation and various financial penalties.
